Effect of metabolizable protein intake on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior in finishing steers
One-hundred thirty-two finishing steers (300 ± 2.7 kg body weight [BW]) predominately of Angus, Simmental, and Shorthorn breeding were used to study the effect of metabolizable protein (MP) intake on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior.
Steers were stratified by initial BW across five pens and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to supply an average of 626, 906, 1,209, and 1,444 g MP/d (n = 33 per treatment). Feed intake and feeding behavior were measured using radio frequency identification tags and the Insentec feeding system. For feeding behavior, a visit was defined as each time the Insentec system detected a steer at the feed bunk.
A meal was defined as eating periods by intervals no longer than 7 min. Steers were fed until they reached an average BW of 598 ± 3.1 kg. Average daily gain (ADG) responded quadratically (P < 0.01) with ADG increasing in steers fed 906 g MP/d and plateauing thereafter. Dry-matter intake (DMI; kg) responded quadratically (P = 0.009) with DMI increasing with MP intake up to 1,209 g/d MP and decreasing thereafter.
Gain to feed ratio (G:F) increased linearly (P = 0.04) and tended (P = 0.10) to respond quadratically, as G:F increased up to 906 g MP/d and plateaued thereafter. A quadratic response (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively) was observed for marbling score and 12th rib subcutaneous fat thickness with steers fed 1,209 g MP/d having the greatest marbling score and back fat thickness.
A quadratic effect for visits and meals per day was observed (P < 0.01) with steers fed the 1,209 g MP/d treatment having the least visits and meals per day. In addition, time eating per visit responded quadratically (P = 0.05) with time increasing from 626 to 906 g MP/d.
There was a linear increase (P ≤ 0.02) in time eating per meal and per day with increasing MP intake. A quadratic effect (P < 0.03) was observed for DMI per visit, meal, and minute with steers fed 1,209 g MP/d having the greatest DMI. In summary, steers fed 626 g MP/d had increased visits and meals per day.
However, DMI per visit, meal, and minute were greater in steers fed 1,209 g MP/d. A day × treatment interaction (P < 0.001) was observed for plasma urea N as concentrations increased to a greater extent over time in the higher MP treatments than in the lower MP treatments.
These data indicate that MP supply (from deficient to excess) influences growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior of finishing steers.
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Polyclonal CITED2 Antibody
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human CITED2 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the lysine (Lys) requirements of lactating sows. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric 3.46 Mcal ME/kg and met or exceeded National Research Council recommendations.
In all studies, sow feed intake, body weight loss/gain, subsequent reproduction, and litter growth rate (LGR) were evaluated. The data were analyzed as randomized complete block design using generalized linear model in SAS with parity as a block.
Two hundred and sixty-four primiparous sows (PIC Camborough 22) were randomly allotted to one of five lactation treatments (total Lys of 0.95%, 1.05%, 1.15%, 1.25%, and 1.35%) in Exp. 1 from August 2005 through October 2005.
As daily total dietary Lys intake increased from 52.10 to 77.53 g, piglet ADG and daily litter gain linearly improved (P < 0.01). From February 2007 through April 2007, 336 multiparous sows (parity 4 and older, PIC Camborough 29) were randomly allotted to one of five lactation treatments (total Lys 0.85%, 0.95%, 1.05%, 1.15%, or 1.25%) in Exp. 2. As dietary total Lys increased from 0.85% to 1.25% of the diet, there were no significant differences in litter performance, such as ADG, daily litter gain, and the number of pigs weaned. Experiment 3 was conducted from October 2008 through January 2009.
Two hundred and seventy-nine primiparous gilts (PIC Camborough 29) were randomly allotted to one of five lactation treatments (total Lys 1.14%, 1.25%, 1.35%, 1.46%, and 1.57%). Actual total Lys intakes increased from 56.74 to 77.12 g/d. Feeding total dietary Lys quadratically decreased (P < 0.01) weaning-to-estrus interval and increased percentage bred by 10 d (P = 0.02).
In Exp. 4, 200 sows (parity 4 and older, PIC Camborough 29) were randomly allotted to one of five treatments (0.85%, 0.95%, 1.05%, 1.15%, or 1.25% total Lys) from January 2008 through March 2008. As dietary total Lys increased from 42.40 to 66.15 g/d, sow body weight and LGRs were not influenced by dietary total Lys intakes. In Exp. 5, 324 parity 3 sows (PIC Camborough 29) were randomly allotted to one of five treatments (0.77%, 0.92%, 1.08%, 1.23%, and 1.38% total Lys) from August 2009 through October 2009. As daily dietary total Lys intake increased from 39.44 to 67.32 g, the percentage of sows bred by 10 d increased (P = 0.02), as well as the LGR.
A broken-line quadratic regression analysis demonstrated that the total Lys requirement for LGR for parity 1 females is calculated as 72.68 – [6.04 × (3.55 – LGR)] and for parity 3+ females as 92.03 – [11.9 × (4.24 – LGR)].
Anti-CITED2 antibody
Description: The protein encoded by this gene inhibits transactivation of HIF1A-induced genes by competing with binding of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha to p300-CH1.
Mutations in this gene are a cause of cardiac septal defects. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene.
The apparent antagonism between Salicylic Acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA)/Ethylene (ET) signaling resulting in tradeoffs between defense against (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens has been widely described across multiple plant species.
However, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully established. The molecular and cellular function of ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) were characterized, and its roles in regulating pathogenic response were studied in Arabidopsis.
Description: CITED2 Antibody: CITED2 was initially identified as a potential transcriptional activator with significant homology to MSG1, a melanocyte-specific nuclear protein. CITED2 interacts with the histone acetyltransferase p300/CBP and acts as a coactivator to several DNA-binding transcription factors such as HIF-1 and AP-2. CITED2 also controls proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts via the polycomb group genes Bmi-1 and Mel18 and the tumor suppressor Ink4a/Arf. CITED2 has also been found to be an essential regulator of adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), with conditional deletion of CITED2 in the adult mouse resulting in the loss of HSCs, multilineage bone marrow failure and increased lethality.
Description: CITED2 Antibody: CITED2 was initially identified as a potential transcriptional activator with significant homology to MSG1, a melanocyte-specific nuclear protein. CITED2 interacts with the histone acetyltransferase p300/CBP and acts as a coactivator to several DNA-binding transcription factors such as HIF-1 and AP-2. CITED2 also controls proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts via the polycomb group genes Bmi-1 and Mel18 and the tumor suppressor Ink4a/Arf. CITED2 has also been found to be an essential regulator of adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), with conditional deletion of CITED2 in the adult mouse resulting in the loss of HSCs, multilineage bone marrow failure and increased lethality.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against CITED2. Recognizes CITED2 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human CITED2 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human CITED2 (N-Terminus). This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications
Protein Zero, Myelin (MPZ) Antibody
We demonstrated that AN, a plant homolog of mammalian C-TERMINAL BINDING PROTEIN (CtBP), antagonistically regulates plant resistance to the hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
Consistent with the phenotypic observations, transcription of genes involved in SA and JA/ET pathways was antagonistically regulated by AN. By interacting with another nuclear protein TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE1 (TDP1), AN imposes transcriptional repression on MYB46, encoding a transcriptional activator of PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE (PAL) genes which are required for SA biosynthesis, while releasing the TDP1-imposed transcriptional repression on WRKY33, a master regulator of the JA/ET signaling pathway.
These findings demonstrate that the transcriptional co-regulation of MYB46 and WRKY33 by AN mediates the coordination of SA and JA/ET pathways to optimize defenses against (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.
Description: Qualitativeindirect ELISA kit for measuring Human myelin protein zero antibody (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Qualitativeindirect ELISA kit for measuring Human myelin protein zero antibody(IgG) in samples from serum, plasma. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human myelin protein zero antibody (IgM) in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human myelin protein zero antibody(IgM) in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Ronald
